A TDM (Text and Data Mining) approach creates a statutory exception that allows AI developers to copy and analyse copyrighted works for training without prior permission, usually subject to conditions like lawful access or an opt-out for rights holders.
A voluntary licensing model requires AI developers to obtain permission from rights holders before using works for training, typically through negotiated or collective licences, ensuring compensation and preserving author control.
Eg: EU and Japan have implemented TDM while several countries such as the UK have voluntary licensing models.